Embracing Change Essay Example for Free

Grasping Change Essay On the off chance that Barack Obama were reappointed as the United States President, would change happen? Situated in Charlotte, North Carolina, Eva Longoria took the platform at the Democratic National Convention not long before 8:20p.m on September 6, 2012. Eva Longoria was asked by the Democratic Party to talk in the interest of Barack Obama, with the essential goal to focus on the Latino populace, particularly ladies. By all accounts, it created the impression that Eva Longoria’s design was to talk publically on the side of the Democratic Party, yet the genuine explanation Longoria was solicited to talk was on the grounds that from her star-quality. Many gathering supporters trust her prevalence will draw in the consideration of Latinos and ladies voters for Obama’s re-appointment to the United States Presidency. Using feeling and ethos, Eva Longoria’s notable status inside our general public helped her to easily catch the audience’s consideration, fundamentally Latino ladies, and guiding them to the criticalness of instruction and the significance of boosting the economy in her discourse, I Don’t Need a Tax Break. The crowd, of whom Eva Longoria is tending to, has solid political perspectives. They esteem the essentialness of instruction, just as the estimation of a solid, settled economy. Besides, the crowd bears explicit socioeconomics in sexual orientation, economic wellbeing, class, and occupation. The essential crowd that Eva Longoria focused inside her discourse, Latinos and ladies, experience the ill effects of the weights of high assessments, joblessness, inconsistent compensation, just as a deficiency in capital for a quality advanced degree. The crowd knows that these issues exist inside our nation; anyway they don't have the foggiest idea how change can be made. They are searching for initiative and feel confident when guaranteed support by a â€Å"star† having the equivalent social foundation. They rush to ignore the way that Eva Longoria doesn't share their budgetary battles. The crowd accepts life can be better, yet are naã ¯ve with respect to how these change can be made . The enraptured crowd gets misinformed, which thusly influences their tuning in. They just needed to hear Eva Longoria talk for the benefit of the present President Barack Obama, about expectation and a promising future. All together for the crowd to have explanations behind assessing the discourse, I Don’t Need a Tax Break, Longoria adhered to Obama’s objectives by communicating the Democratic interests and following Obama’s presidential arrangement point-by-point. The connection between the crowd and the speaker is solid in light of the fact that as Longoria showed in her discourse, â€Å"Just like our leader and first woman, I took out credits to pay for school. I replaced oil in a technician shop, I flipped burgers at Wendy’s, I showed heart stimulating exercise, and I chipped away at grounds to pay them back† (Katz). This statement indicated the difficulties that Longoria has confronted direct all through the principal sections of her life. This helped her associate with the crowd and seem thoughtful to the battles they are encountering. Besides, Longoria urged them to help the Obama crusade so across the board financial battles can be won. The crowd expects a ton from Longoria on the grounds that, in contrast to some other normal resident, Longoria applies star-quality, which makes her voice and sentiment increasingly significant. Then again, Longoria anticipates that the crowd should comprehend and accept that change is conceivable with their decision in favor of the re-appointment of President Barack Obama. The crowd has the desires that Eva Longoria will guarantee that the progressions she has advanced will be finished during the presidents second term in office. In the event that Obama is reappointed as the President of the United States, the crowd should start to observe change inside our general public. So as to viably influence the open vote into Obama’s favor, it is defended through the consolidated utilization of electronic, spoken, and print media. All types of media have the two focal points and disservices in any event, when utilized properly. It is imperative to comprehend the crowd to be best. On account of the, I don’t Need a Tax Break discourse, oral correspondence was utilized to pass on its message most viably. Oral correspondence builds the validity of the speaker’s generally speaking message. It can make a passionate association between the watcher and the speaker, just as, take into consideration quick inquiry and reaction following the discourse. In this manner any inquiries that the crowd may have can be explained following the discourse. All through Eva Longoria’s discourse, she tended to the crowd utilizing clear phrasing ensuring every single word were comprehended and prepared by the watchers. The last sentence of her discourse she communicated the expression, â€Å"Sà ­, se puede† (indeed, you can) (Katz) engaging her Latino Spanish-talking crowd. Eva Longoria needed the crowd to feel that deciding in favor of Obama would produce changes inside our general public. Inside her discourse, she utilized circumstances and end results of specific wonders. In order to persuade the Latinos and ladies who are at present, â€Å"some of the staying unsure and autonomous voters,† (Been) she focused on the significance of training. Eva Longoria grew up as the most youthful of four young ladies, with the understanding that for her family, â€Å"education was impossible and was a cardinal priority† (Katz). Along these lines, despite the fact that Eva Longoria doesn't have kids, she would need them to have the chance to get beneficial training. Additionally, in the YouTube video named, Eva Longoria DNC Speech Democratic National Convention, Eva Longoria alluded to America as, â€Å"a country that prizes aspiration with circumstance, where difficult work can prompt achievement regardless of where you start.† Furthermore, Eva Longoria proceeds with her contention by clarifying Barack Obama’s focal reason in the YouTube video, Eva Longoria DNC Speech Democratic National Convention, â€Å"Our president comprehends the i dea of American open door since he has lived it, and he is battling to help other people accomplish it.† Notwithstanding instruction, she underlined Obama’s want to bring down expenses for â€Å"any working American,† (Katz) make equivalent compensation for ladies, and to help private companies. This guide would start new position openings by â€Å"helping them get advances and cut their duties eighteen times† (Katz). During her discourse, Longoria consistently called attention to the inconsistencies between Obama’s Democratic interests and Mitt Romney’s Republican perspectives by this announcement in the video inside John Boone’s article, â€Å"Obama is pushing us ahead with circumstance today for success tomorrow. Glove Romney needs to return us to yesterday.† Longoria likewise bolstered Obama’s convictions that the working class is helping drive our economy, and slammed Romney’s â€Å"outsourced pioneers† in the YouTube video, Eva Longoria DNC Speech Democratic National Convention, of whom are doing nothing gainful . Likewise, another imperfection that Longoria referenced was the manner by which Romney would prefer to bring down his own charges, while raising those of other American residents. These are amazing allegations that make pressure among the watchers who may differ with these statements. Clint Eastwood talked on the side of Mitt Romney. Clint Eastwood and Eva Longoria’s addresses, speaking to Romney at the Republican National Convention and Obama at the Democratic National Convention, are being thought about and censured in light of the fact that they are the two speakers in the diversion field. Clint Eastwood utilized an artistic procedure by conversing with a â€Å"empty chair,† while Eva Longoria didn't. They regularly attempt to disregard the thought with respect to VIPs who participate in legislative issues, â€Å"celebrities should simply keep their mouth shut with regards to politics† (Boone). Eva Longoria made an enthusiastic point that she is a â€Å"American first† (â€Å"Eva Longoria: There’ll be ‘no void chairs’ in my DNC speech†) and was a functioning member in governmental issues before she turned into an on-screen character. She communicated, â€Å"There are things more significant than acting and film turnout, and that’s being communally engaged† (Boone). Eva Longoria went to the Democratic National Convention with one target †to make sure about the votes of the Latino populace and ladies voters for the re-appointment of Barack Obama on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. Inside John Boone’s article, there is where Eva Longoria announced, â€Å"I speak to two networks; the female network and the Hispanic community.† In her discourse, for example, Eva exhibited an adequate use of â€Å"cause and effect† by showing that helping private companies will make more occupations for American residents. So as to effectively bolster that announcement, Eva Longoria guaranteed in the YouTube video, Eva Longoria DNC Speech Democratic National Convention, â€Å"this is significant in light of the fact that independent ventures make two out of each three new openings in America.† Having the capacity to cast a ballot and have any kind of effect in the political scene is a benefit for one to have. As observed by the video in John Boone’s article Eva Longoria expressed, â€Å"By making your choice, you are choosing the fate of America.† WORKS CITED Been, Charley. Eva Longoria Tells DNC I Dont Need A Tax Break . StarzLife. Starzlife, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. http://www.starzlife.com/20120907/eva-longoria-tells-dnc-I-dont-need-a-tax cut/%20. Boone, John. Eva Longoria Dubs DNC Appearance the Most Important Speech Ive Ever Done in My Life E! On the web. E! Amusement Television, LLC. A Division of NBCUniversal., 6 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. http://www.eonline.com/news/343679/eva-longoria-names dnc-appearance-the-most-significant discourse I-ve-ever-done-in-my-life%20. Eva Longoria DNC Speech De

Presidential Appointments Requiring Senate Approval

Presidential Appointments Requiring Senate Approval What a commendation! The President of the United States has named you to fill a top-level government position, possibly a Cabinet-level occupation. Indeed, appreciate a glass of bubbly and take a few slaps on the back, yet dont sell the house and call the movers right now. The president may need you, however except if you additionally win the endorsement of the U.S. Senate, its back to the shoe store on Monday for you. Over the national government, about 1,200 official level occupations might be filled distinctly by people selected by the president and affirmed by a basic greater part vote of the Senate. For new approaching presidents, filling many, if not most, of these emptied positions as fast as conceivable speaks to a significant piece of their presidential progress process, just as taking a noteworthy segment of time all through the rest of their terms. What Kind of Jobs are These? As indicated by a Congressional Research Service report, these presidentially-designated positions requiring Senate endorsement can be classified as follows: Secretaries of the 15 Cabinet organizations, representative secretaries, undersecretaries, and right hand secretaries, and general guidance of those offices: Over 350 positionsJustices of the Supreme Court: 9 positions (Supreme Court judges serve forever subject to death, retirement, abdication or impeachment.)Certain employments in the free, non-administrative official branch offices, similar to NASA and the National Science Foundation: Over 120 positionsDirector positions in the administrative offices, similar to the Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration: Over 130 positionsU.S. Lawyers and U.S. Marshals: About 200 positionsAmbassadors to outside countries: Over 150 positionsPresidential arrangements to low maintenance positions, similar to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: Over 160 positions Legislative issues Can Be a Problem Absolutely, the way that these positions require the endorsement of the Senate represents the likelihood that divided governmental issues may assume a basic job in the presidential arrangement process. Particularly during times when one ideological group controls the White House and another gathering holds a lion's share in the Senate, just like the case during the second term of President Barak Obama, Senators of the resistance are bound to attempt to defer or dismiss the president’s candidates. In any case, There are ‘Privileged’ Nominations Planning to stay away from those political traps and deferrals in the presidential candidate endorsement process, the Senate, on June 29, 2011, embraced Senate Resolution 116, which built up a unique sped up system overseeing Senate thought of certain lower-level presidential assignments. Under the goals, more than 40 explicit presidential designations generally right hand division secretaries and individuals from different sheets and commissions-sidestep the Senate subcommittee endorsement process. Rather, the assignments are sent to the chairpersons of the suitable Senate panels under the heading, â€Å"Privileged Nominations †Information Requested.† Once the committees’ staffs have confirmed that the â€Å"appropriate anecdotal and money related surveys have been received† from the chosen one, the designations are considered by the full Senate. In supporting Senate Resolution 116, Senator Chuck Schumer (D-New York) expressed his view that in light of the fact that the designations were for â€Å"noncontroversial positions,† they ought to be affirmed on the floor of the Senate by â€Å"unanimous consent†-meaning they are totally endorsed simultaneously by a solitary voice vote. Be that as it may, under the standards overseeing consistent assent things, any Senator, for oneself or for the benefit of another Senator, can coordinate that a specific â€Å"privileged† candidate be alluded to Senate advisory group and considered in the typical style. Break Appointments: The Presidents’ End Run Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives presidents an approach to in any event incidentally sidestep the Senate in making presidential arrangements. In particular, the third statement of Article II, Section 2 awards the president the ability to â€Å"fill up all Vacancies that may occur during the Recess of the Senate, by allowing Commissions which will lapse toward the End of their next Session.† The courts have held that this implies during times the Senate is in a break, the president can make arrangements without the requirement for Senate endorsement. Be that as it may, the representative must be affirmed by the Senate before the finish of the following meeting of Congress, or when the position becomes empty once more. While the Constitution doesn't address the issue, the Supreme Court in its 2014 choice on account of National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning decided that the Senate must be in break for at any rate three continuous days before the president can make break arrangements. This procedure, prevalently known as â€Å"recess appointments,† is regularly exceptionally questionable. While trying to forestall break arrangements, the minority party in the Senate regularly holds â€Å"pro forma† meetings during breaks enduring longer than three days. While no authoritative business is led in a genius forma meeting, they guarantee that Congress isn't formally deferred, in this way obstructing the president from making break arrangements. Presidentially Appointed Jobs With No Senate Needed In the event that you truly need to work â€Å"at the delight of the president,† however don’t need to need to confront the investigation of the U.S. Senate, there are in excess of 320 other elevated level government employments that the president can fill legitimately without the Senate’s thought or endorsement. The occupations, known as PA, or â€Å"Presidential Appointment† occupations pay from about $99,628 to about $180,000 every year and offer full bureaucratic representative advantages, as per the Government Accountability Office.

The Chemistry of Depression - Neurotransmitters and More

The Chemistry of Depression - Neurotransmitters and More Depression Causes Print The Chemistry of Depression What Is the Biochemical Basis of Depression? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 10, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Istockphoto.com/Stock Photo ©ttsz In This Article Table of Contents Expand Neurotransmitters Chemical Imbalances Treating Depression View All There are several theories about what causes depression. The condition most likely results from a complex interplay of individual factors, but one of the most widely accepted explanations cites abnormal brain chemistry.?? Sometimes, people with depression relate the condition back to a specific factor, such as a traumatic event in their life. However, its not uncommon for people who are depressed to be confused as to whyâ€"they may even feel as though they dont have a reason to be depressed. In these cases, learning about the theories of what causes depression can be helpful. Researchers have suggested that for some people, having too little of certain substances in the brain (called neurotransmitters) could contribute to depression. Restoring the balance of brain chemicals could help alleviate symptomsâ€"which is where the different classes of antidepressant medications may come in. It seems simple, but even with the help of medications that work to increase or balance specific neurotransmitters in the brain, depression is a highly complex condition to treat. What proves to be an effective treatment for one person with depression may not work for someone else. Even something that has worked well for someone in the past may become less effective over time, or even stop working, for reasons were still trying to understand. Researchers continue to try to better understand the mechanisms of depression, including brain chemicals, in hopes of finding explanations for these complexities and developing more effective ways to treat them. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Depression is also a multi-faceted condition, but having an awareness of the brain chemistry component can be useful for medical and mental health professionals, researchers, and many people who have depression. Heres an overview of what is known (and not-yet-known) about how chemical imbalances in the brain may influence depression. Neurotransmitters Put simply, neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain. The nerve cells of the brain use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other. The messages they send are believed to play a role in mood regulation. The three neurotransmitters implicated in depression are: NorepinephrineSerotoninDopamine There are other neurotransmitters that can send messages in the brain, including glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine. Researchers are still learning about the role these brain chemicals play in depression and other conditions, such as Alzheimers and fibromyalgia. How Neurotransmitters Work How Cells Communicate With Neurotransmitters The space between two nerve cells is called the synapse. When cells want to communicate, neurotransmitters can be packaged up and released from the end (axon) of a presynaptic cell. As a packet of neurotransmitters crosses the space, it can be taken up by receptors for a specific chemical on postsynaptic cells (dendrite). For example, serotonin receptors pick up serotonin molecules. If there are any excess molecules in the space, the presynaptic cell will gather them back up and reprocess them to use in another communication. Each type of neurotransmitter can carry a different message and plays a unique role in creating an individuals brain chemistry. Imbalances in these chemicals may contribute to mental health conditions such as depression. How Brain Cells Communicate Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays a role in the fight or flight response along with adrenaline. It helps send messages from one nerve cell to the next. In the 1960s, Joseph J. Schildkraut suggested norepinephrine was the brain chemical of interest for depression when he presented the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. He proposed depression occurred when there is too little norepinephrine in certain brain circuits. Alternatively, mania results when there is too much of the neurotransmitter in the brain. There is evidence that supports the hypothesis, however, it has not gone unchallenged by researchers. For one, changes in norepinephrine levels do not affect mood in every person. Further, medications specifically targeting norepinephrine may alleviate depression in some people, but not in others. Therefore, researchers now understand that having too little norepinephrine isnt the only chemical cause of depression. Catecholamines and the Stress Response Serotonin Another neurotransmitter is serotonin or the feel good chemical. In addition to helping regulate your mood, serotonin has a number of different jobs throughout the body from your gut to blood clotting to sexual function. In relation to its role in depression, serotonin has taken center stage in the past few decades thanks to the advent of antidepressant medications like Prozac (fluoxetine) and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). As their name implies, these medications specifically act on serotonin molecules. Researchers have been looking into serotonins role in mood disorders for almost 30 years. Arthur J. Prange, Jr. and Alec Coppens permissive hypothesis originally suggested low serotonin levels allowed levels of norepinephrine to fall as well, but that serotonin levels could be manipulated to indirectly raise norepinephrine. Newer antidepressants called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like Effexor (venlafaxine) target both serotonin and norepinephrine. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) also affect both norepinephrine and serotonin, however, they have the added effect of influencing histamine and acetylcholine. These substances produce the side effects TCAs are known for, such as dry mouth, blurry vision, constipation, and urinary hesitancy, among others. SSRIs, on the other hand, do not affect histamine and acetylcholine and dont have the same side effects, and are safer from a cardiovascular standpoint. Therefore, doctors, psychiatrists, and people with depression tend to prefer them to older classes of antidepressants like TCAs. Dopamine A third substance that might play a role in mood is dopamine. Dopamine creates positive feelings associated with reward or reinforcement that motivate us to continue with a task or activity. Dopamine is believed to play an important role in a variety of conditions affecting the brain, including Parkinsons and schizophrenia. There is also evidence that reduced dopamine levels can contribute to depression in some people.?? When other treatments have failed, medications that affect the dopamine system are often added and can be helpful for some people with depression. How Addictions Develop Low Neurotransmitter Levels If low levels of neurotransmitters can contribute to depression, an important question is what causes the low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the first place? Research has indicated several potential causes of chemical imbalances in the brain, including: Too little of a specific neurotransmitter (for example, serotonin) is being producedNot enough receptor sites to receive the neurotransmitterPresynaptic cells are taking the neurotransmitter back up before it has a chance to reach the receptor cellToo few of the molecules that build neurotransmitters (chemical precursors)Molecules that help make neurotransmitters (specific enzymes) are in short supply When there is a breakdown anywhere in the process, low levels of neurotransmitters can result. Several emerging theories are concerned with the factors that promote lowered levels, such as cellular (specifically mitochondrial) stress.?? But one of the main challenges for researchers and doctors hoping to connect depression to low levels of specific brain chemicals is that they dont have a way to consistently and accurately measure them.?? Treating Depression Understanding the chemistry of depression may help people better understand the treatments available. While psychotherapy is helpful for some people with depression, if there is a chemical imbalance in the brain, it may not be enough to address their symptoms. If a person finds that therapy alone is not helping them manage their depression, they may want to try medication. For some people, antidepressants combined with psychotherapy proves especially effective for addressing their symptoms. To complicate treatment further, medication does not always work for people with depression. One study evaluating the effectiveness of currently available antidepressants found that these medications only work in about 60% of people with depression.?? Even if your depression is primarily linked to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, depression affects both your internal and external life. Therefore, medication without therapy may not be sufficient to address all the ways in which depression can affect you. There is also research that suggests neurotransmitter levels can be affected by factors other than medication and that psychotherapy can help a person learn about them. For example, stress may contribute to low levels of certain neurotransmitters. While taking an antidepressant medication might help with the symptoms, it doesnt necessarily address the cause of the low levels. In this situation, therapy to improve stress management and reduce stress could potentially be helpful. Combating Stigma ?Acknowledging the limitations of our current knowledge of depression and its treatment is important. In recent years, some researchers have expressed concerns that pharmaceutical companies marketing antidepressant medications may have misled consumers by oversimplifying or misrepresenting the research into the brain chemistry of depression.?? Additionally, sociological research has found that the stigma attached to depression (and taking medication to treat it) is not necessarily lessened by the theory of chemical imbalance. Several studies have found that when told depression is caused by a chemical imbalance, people tend to feel less confident in their ability to manage the condition.?? Other studies have found that when depression is framed as a disease of the brain, people are more likely to feel the need to avoid a person with depression (usually out of the fear that they are dangerous).?? Not all the research has been negative, though. Several studies included in a 2012 meta-analysis indicated that one of the most effective ways to address and challenge social stigma around mental illness is to educate and discuss conditions and treatmentâ€"which includes being upfront and honest about what is still unknown or not well understood. Depression Statistics Everyone Should Know More Than Changing Brain Chemistry Researchers are studying other molecular pathways in the brain (the glutaminergic, cholinergic, and opioid systems) to see what role they may play in depression. It may be that rather than a simple deficiency in a one specific brain chemical being the causative factor, some depression symptoms could be related to the relative levels of each type of neurotransmitter in different regions of the brain. Rather than being a simple equation of some unknown factor causing low levels of one or more neurotransmitters and these low levels creating the symptoms of depression, the actual basis of depression is much more complex. While this complexity is often evident to people living with depression, medical professionals and researchers are still trying to understand the intricate nature of diagnosing and treating the condition. For example, in addition to the role of neurotransmitters, we know there are multiple factors involved in causing depression ranging from genetic factors and childhood experiences to our present day-to-day lives and relationships. Even inflammation is being explored as a potential contributing factor.?? A Word From Verywell Neurotransmitters likely play a role in depression, but its also clear that biochemical changes alone cannot explain the complete reality of depression; other factors are at play as well. Accepting how little we truly know about the chemistry of depression can help us maintain perspective and expectations for the medications used to treat depression. For people who are trying to find the right treatment, understanding the complex chemistry can be reassuring when a particular drug doesnt work for them or if they need to try more than one antidepressant.?? Understanding the complexity of depression can also be helpful for those who have been offered hurtful advice, such as being told to just snap out of it. It is no easier for someone to forget they are depressed than it would be for someone with diabetes to lower their blood sugar by simply not thinking about it. Being realistic about the limitations of our knowledge can help us remember that for the time being, there is no one treatment that will work for everyone with depression. More often than not an interdisciplinary approach is needed. At the very least, every person dealing with depression needs and deserves a support team. The Best Online Resources for Depression

Stegomastodon Facts and Figures

Name: Stegomastodon (Greek for roof nippled tooth); pronounced STEG-oh-MAST-oh-don Habitat: Plains of North and South America Historical Epoch: Late Pliocene-Modern (three million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and 2-3 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; long, upward-curving tusks; complex cheek teeth About Stegomastodon Its name sounds impressive—like a cross between a Stegosaurus and a Mastodon—but you might be disappointed to learn that Stegomastodon is actually Greek for roof-nippled tooth, and that this prehistoric elephant wasnt even a true Mastodon, being more closely related to Gomphotherium than to the genus to which all Mastodons belonged, Mammut. (We wont even mention Stegodon, another elephant family to which Stegomastodon was only distantly related.) As you may already have guessed, Stegomastodon was named after its unusually complex cheek teeth, which allowed it to eat such un-pachyderm-like foods as grass. More importantly, Stegomastodon is one of the few ancestral elephants (besides Cuvieronius) to have prospered in South America, where it survived until historical times. These two pachyderm genera made their way south during the Great American Interchange, three million years ago, when the Panamanian isthmus rose up from the seafloor and connected North and South America (and thus allowed the native fauna to migrate in both directions, with sometimes deleterious effects on native populations). To judge by the fossil evidence, Stegomastodon populated the grasslands east of the Andes mountains, while Cuvieronius preferred higher, cooler altitudes. Given that it survived until shortly after the last Ice Age, 10,000 years ago, its almost certain that Stegomastodon was preyed on by the indigenous human tribes of South America—which, along with inexorable climate change, drove this pachyderm to complete extinction.

Rene Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind - 3358 Words

Introduction to Philosophy October 23, 2014 Renà © Descartes Descartes is one of the most influential and well-known philosophers of all time. The idea he is most famous for is his explanation on the mind. Renà © Descartes is often credited with being the â€Å"Father of Modern Philosophy.† This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. He was one of the most influential and well-respected philosophers of 1600’s. Descartes attempted to address the former issue via his method of doubt. His basic strategy was to consider false any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt. This â€Å"hyperbolic doubt† then serves to clear the way for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth. This clearing of his previously held beliefs then puts him at an epistemological ground zero. From here Descartes sets out to find something that lies beyond all doubt. He eventually discovers that â€Å"ergo sum† or â€Å"I exist† is impossible to doubt and is, therefore, absolutely certain. Now his notion on the mind is very extensive. I will be focusing on some of his work regarding the nature of the mind and its ideas, his belief of Cogito, ergo sum and also the sensations and passions. The mind is a very intricate and confusing subject. First off, Descartes argues this concept off Cogito, ergo sum. Which means, â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedPhilosophers and Scientist of Modern Psychology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophical distinction between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the works of one great Philosopher that till this very day this is still in existence. Rene Descartes was the first to ever talk about the interactions of the mind and body, which later on in psychological history caught the attention of others who came after him such as James and Wundt. Descartes stated that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Descartes was a famous mathematicianRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 PagesEmpiricism Aaron Nicely Intro to Philosophy 02-09-2016 In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Read MoreIdeas And Schools Of Thought By Rene Descartes903 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body, spirituality, the mind, the soul, acquiring knowledge and how people interact with the world around them are concepts that many philosophers have tackled in an attempt to discover answers. In these answers philosophers hope to find true comprehension; however, the questions and, consequentially, the responses that they illicit are different for different philosophers. This creates a well of divergent ideas and schools of thought within the study of philosophy. Even when focusing on a subjectRead MoreThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 PagesAQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; theRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreWisdom According to Rene Descartes1240 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent lines and not examining the same thing† Rene’ Descartes pg. (1) â€Å"Discourse on Method† by Rene’ Descartes Wisdom, according to Rene’ Descartes, can be reached when an individual abandons all other influence and challenges the course of their own personal knowledge by seeking supreme understanding. He believed that everybody is capable of wisdom, but to gain it a person must challenge their very own mind. In the book, â€Å"Discourse on Method†, Descartes describes his method for understanding by firstRead MoreThe Mind-Body Problem Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mind-Body Problem The mind-body problem, which is still debated even today, raises the question about the relationship between the mind and the body. Theorists, such as Renà © Descartes and Thomas Nagel, have written extensively on the problem but they have many dissenting beliefs. Descartes, a dualist, contends that the mind and body are two different substances that can exist separately. Conversely, Nagel, a dual aspect theorist, contends that the mind and body are not substances but differentRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwiseRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Mind And The Body1646 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of mind had come across when philosophers had an idea of the concepts regarding the human mind and its mysteries. This branch of psychology had intended to elaborate and study the nature and aspects of the human mind, also how these concepts such as mental events, mental functions and consciousness would connect to each other, through the human brain and body. Philosophy of mind became one of the central areas of philosophy as the skills and abilities of metalizing are used to treat individualsRead MoreThe Philosophical Beliefs Of Substance Dualism And Modern Materialism953 Words   |  4 PagesDualism and modern Materialism The tradition of Substance Dualism was formulated by Rene Descartes to define the differing modes of the soul that function in the human mind. The dualistic aspect of this philosophy is based on the presence of a higher power, such as God, that provides the essence of the mind through the soul, yet the human body is separated from this process. Therefore, Descartes sought to divide the mind from the material body as a method of defining the limitations of the body in relation

Drunk Driving Free Essays

Persuasive Presentation Outline Example Driving While Intoxicated Topic: Local San Marcos Problem Organization: Problem/Solution Specific Purpose: I would like my audience to believe that an alcohol education class should be taken before one can receive his/her license Introduction I. Attention Getter: In the past decade, four times as many Americans have died in drunk driving accidents as killed in the Vietnam War (NHTSA, 2006). II. We will write a custom essay sample on Drunk Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relevance: How close have you come to losing your life as a result of an alcohol-related accident? III. Credibility: Recall story about my boyfriend receiving phone call that his brother, Jeremy, had been killed in a drunk driving accident. IV. Propositional Statement: Driving while intoxicated remains a problem in the United States and in the city of San Marcos. Because young people do not know enough about alcohol and its effects. I propose that a mandatory course in alcohol education be required before one can receive his/her driver’s license. Body I. The first part of the problem is that we continue to drive while under the influence of alcohol. A. Drinking and driving is a problem on a national level. 1. 16,189 people were killed in alcohol related accidents in 2005. This is one death every 32 minutes (NHTSA, 2006). 2. Three in every five Americans will be involved in an alcohol-related crash at some time in his/her life (NHTSA, 2006). B. Drinking and driving is a problem on a local level. 1. San Marco police department reported 196 arrests in 2005 related to alcohol-related crimes. Of those arrests, 67 were driving while intoxicated. San Marcos Police Department, 2005). 2. 50% increase from arrests made in 2000 (San Marcos Police Department, 2005). Transition: Not only is drinking and driving a major problem, young people are often very uniformed of its effects.II. The second part of the problem is that young people do not know enough about alcohol and its dangerous effects and they received mixed messages about alcohol. A. Young people lace an awareness of alcohol’s severe effects. 1. In 2004, 2. million teenagers did not know that a person could die from an alcohol overdose (Dunning, 2005). 2. Young people believe myths, not facts. (Dunning, 2005). B. Young people receive mixed messages about alcohol and its effects. 1. Less than one in three parents of tenth grade students gave their children a clear â€Å"no-use† message about alcohol (MADD. 2004). 2. When parents â€Å"bargain† with youth, the youth are more likely to drive after drinking or be in a vehicle driven by someone who has been drinking (MADD How to cite Drunk Driving, Papers

The Freedoms of the USA free essay sample

I believe we live in the greatest nation in the world. We have more privileges and freedom than any other place in the world, yet we are still a controlled and peaceful country. We have the rights of freedom of speech, religion and pursuit of happiness which many people from other countries only hope for. We have seen and heard of people that try to come to our great country illegally. We try to stop and punish these people. All you need to do is try living a day in their shoes. Many of these people live in a country with high poverty and crime levels. They long for a higher and better way of life. Many of their government officials are wealthy and corrupt while the common man struggles to survive. We, as an Americans, have the right to the pursuit of happiness. We can be anything we want to be if we dedicate ourselves to working toward that goal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Freedoms of the USA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Take time to look at the kids around you. Some of them may have family problems and personal struggles but can you imagine that somewhere, kids in other countries are blowing themselves up for their leaders. We all know that we have it great living in America, but really deep down inside, do we really appreciate it? We need to take time just to pray for the leaders and military of this great country. America still has many problems such as illegal drugs, inner city crime and some prejudices. These are things that we as a nation are striving to correct. We may still have a way to go but we are moving in the right direction. Even though we are not perfect, there is no other nation in the world that compares because of our great freedoms!

Science Fair Idea and Abstract

Science Fair Idea and Abstract Abstract1. I am going to find out the different oxygen output and carbon dioxide output of multiple plants.2. The question I am going to solve is; " Which plant gives off the most oxygen, which plant takes in the most carbon dioxide and which plant is the best in both fields.3. I do not currently have a hypothesis.4. I will need a computer, a computer interface, an oxygen and a carbon dioxide sensor, a bottle, different type of plant leaves, a lamp, a shoebox and an X-Acto knife. I will get different types of leave and measure them by weight so I have the same amount of leaves for each repetition. First, I will create a chamber for the bottle to sit in. The shoebox should have a hole on top for a lamp to shine through and holes in the sides to connect the sensors.Bottling Hardware

5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track

5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track 5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track 5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track By Mark Nichol For many types of diagnostic posts on this site, in which I present a list of sentences with the same kind of error and describe the problem, I try to find real-world examples I’ve come across in editing projects or in casual reading, though sometimes I have to resort to constructing examples. One type of writing error I will never run out of live specimens for, however, is a lack of parallel structure in a run-in list. Here are just some of the many candidate sentences I’ve found: 1. â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media, high overall scores from professional reviewers, and has sold more than two million copies.† All items in a series must be accompanied by their own verbs or must share one there’s no middle ground: â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media, earned high overall scores from professional reviewers, and has sold more than two million copies.† (Or â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media and high overall scores from professional reviewers and has sold more than two million copies.†) 2. â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, saves energy, and a great place to meet and make new friends.† In this variation of the error illustrated in the first example, a list item equipped with its own verb is inserted among other items sharing a verb at the head of the sentence. Convert the errant item to a consistent form: â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, energy efficient, and a great place to meet and make new friends.† (Alternatively, tack the item on to the end of the sentence: â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, and a great place to meet and make new friends and it saves energy, too!†) 3. â€Å"There is an outdoor patio with picnic tables and barbecue, a fire pit with Adirondack chairs, walking trails, and beach access.† This construction implies that the fire pit has Adirondack chairs, walking trails, and beach access. To avoid implying a nonexistent association, relegate a complex list item among a string of simple items to the end of the sentence: â€Å"There is an outdoor patio with picnic tables and a barbecue, walking trails, and beach access, and a fire pit with Adirondack chairs.† (Also, I don’t understand why writers are so niggardly with the article a/an in run-in lists; I inserted one before barbecue.) 4. â€Å"Many animals such as deer, raccoon, coyote, fox, an occasional bobcat, mountain lion, and many bird species call this area home.† This sentence’s first item is an animal name that is identical in singular and plural form, and the wording of the head of the sentence suggests that all references to animals to follow will be in plural form. They’re not, and then â€Å"an occasional bobcat† distracts the reader, followed by a disorienting plural. Make the animal names consistently plural (with the necessary exception set aside as a parenthetical): â€Å"Many animals such as deer, raccoons, coyotes, foxes, mountain lions (and an occasional bobcat), and many bird species call this area home.† 5. â€Å"Miles of trails provide access through rugged chaparral, woodlands, fields, streams, a lake, and provide spectacular views.† Everything’s fine until you hit the water, and suddenly â€Å"miles of trails† is no longer relevant, except that it is for the final phrase. Retrofit the sentence to support its ideas: â€Å"Miles of trails provide spectacular views, and provide access through woodlands, fields, and rugged chaparral to streams and a lake.† (My assumption is that rugged refers only to chaparral, so move that phrase to the end of the initial list so it is not incorrectly applied to woodlands and fields as well.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsProverb vs. Adage

Alkaline phosphatase enzyme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alkaline phosphatase enzyme - Essay Example The enzyme acts by splitting off phosphorous creating an alkaline pH. Even though the physiological function of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme is not clear it still plays a vital role in the phosphate metabolism. A gene known as ALPL gives instructions for making the alkaline phosphatase enzyme. The role played by alkaline phosphatase enzyme is very important. It helps in the growth and development of bones and teeth. It is active in many other tissues in the body such as liver and kidneys. The enzyme plays an important role in the growth and development of bones and teeth. It is also active in many other tissues, particularly in the liver and kidneys. This enzyme operates as a phosphatase; it means that helps in removing clusters of oxygen and phosphorus atoms from other molecules. This enzyme is also important for recycling phosphate in the living cells. It is common in tissues that transport nutrients including intestine and kidney. In addition to the above mentioned function, alkaline phosphatase is one of the essential elements for the process of mineralization. In this process, minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are deposited in the developing teeth and bones. The process of mineralization is important for the formation of teeth which can endure chewing and grinding and for formation of bones that are strong and rigid. According to a research undertaken by Prof. Herbert Fleisch and Prof. Gideon Rodan in an article published under the name of â€Å"In searching a bone quality marker. What about Bone Mineral Density?† the biological role of alkaline phosphatase enzyme in mammals includes the following: The first three are articulated in a tissue-specific manner. The last one is ubiquitous but is abundant in liver, bone and kidney. The gene sequence of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase shows that the nascent polypeptide has a short signal sequence of 17 and 21 residues of amino-acid and at its c terminal site a hydrophobic

Low Cost Strategies of QuickFlight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Low Cost Strategies of QuickFlight - Essay Example QuickFlight has no formal HR department and any room for staff development and training; this is something that the organization should look into, considering the increase in size will need an integration of forces. The expertise from Gone can help the organization streamline a strategic HR policy, including the personnel from QuickFlight as well to ensure proper representation of all stakeholders. To solve this problem, the organization should practice effective communication strategies in the company. In times of change management, effective communication plays a vital role in the success of the changing processes. Proper information dissemination to all stakeholders, equal intake for solutions from them would help the policy makers to gain knowledge from the valuable expertise of the Human Capital. In order to capitalize on the diverse features of both the organizations, the human resource should be encouraged to work in teams and work their way out of problems. Job rotation is an other management development that helps to train employees and provide them with exposure to the entire organization. All these activities will introduce a high sense of commitment in the employees towards the newly formed organization and will help fill the gap between the two cultures (Raymond, 2000). Â  With the addition of call center labor in the organization, the company should embark on formal training procedures to train the employees to boost their sales through call center bookings. Training and development in this area are bound to help the employees boost the sales; also, recognition for the hard work that they put in is important. Clearly, compensation that is being awarded can work as an incentive, along with recognition. Therefore, to reduce turnover and boost sales, the company should introduce a basic pay for all, adding performance-based rewards, depending on the sales that the personnel makes.

The Age Of Criminal Responsibility Criminology Essay

The Age Of Criminal Responsibility Criminology Essay One must be aware that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child professes anyone under the age of eighteen is a child. However, in the criminal law, greater distinctions are made: anyone under 18 is a juvenile, aged 14-18 are classed as young persons and a person under 14 years old are classed definitively as a child. What does it mean to be a child in this modern era? Every person has experienced life as a child and could easily accumulate their own perspective, but that is exactly what it would be; a subjective definition that begins with infancy and ends when they reach adolescence. However, adolescence, for legal purposes must portray a mental, intellectual, emotional and more specifically, a moral capacity to differentiate right from wrong. Before one looks at the legal observations of childhood, it is only sensible to consider the words of those who dedicate their lives to the study of child psychology, and ultimately have wider knowledge. Psychological theory Piaget in his work, The Moral Judgement of the Child  [1]  established a theory of not only the cognitive, but also the moral development of a childs mind, prà ©cising that they cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. The psychologist Kohlberg expanded on Piagets position  [2]  , and their theories make it plain that by ten children are not capable of making moral decisions similar to that of an adult, as they have not fully learned to do so. The theories suggest that there are 2 stages of moral reasoning (which sometimes overlap) named the heteronomous stage and the autonomous stage. At the heteronomous stage, the child is egocentric and believes the world revolves around them, and they will act depending on the severity of the outcome. This stage continues past the age of ten, so before they reach the next stage it is unlikely that they will be aware of the severity of any outcome. Subsequently, when they are in the autonomous stage, intentions are more important than the consequences of action and should be the basis for judging behaviour, and it is then that a child should be held accountable for his or her actions, not before. The theories suggested here are, of course, non-conclusive and non-exhaustive, but at least give an insight into the questionable nature of the entire concept of an absolute age of criminal responsibility, so it would be worthwhile to keep these theories in mind throughout the discussion. The age of criminal responsibility The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is ten years.  [3]  All children under this age are presumed to be doli incapax (incapable of committing a crime). After reaching the age of ten however, and as Elizabeth Stokes informs us, there is nothing within the substantive criminal law regarding the attribution of guilt, which distinguishes the responsibility of young people from that of adults.  [4]   The Home Office White Paper in 1997, signalled the start of New Labours tough and punitive, No More Excuses campaign by declaring that; Young people who commit offences must face up to the consequences of their actions for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ No young person should be allowed to feel that he or she can offend with impunity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Punishment is important as a means of expressing societys condemnation of unlawful behaviour and as a deterrent.  [5]   Even though there was much discussion with reference to raising the age in the late 1960s after the Government White paper Children in Trouble  [6]  (1968) along with Section 4 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 which would have raised the age of criminal responsibility to 14 but was never implemented and the provision was repealed in 1991. This introduced an unnaturally bold dividing line between criminal responsibility and irresponsibility for children who offend. This was the case even though arguments have been put forward suggesting that to criminalise and label children is very dangerous, with Deborah Orr proposing that, if a child has behaved in a fashion that he or she feels he had little or no control over, and then is told this is criminal, then the child is being taught that his or her criminality is something over which he has no control.  [7]  The following doctrine attempted to decrease the amount of children being labelled until it was abolished. Doli incapax Protection or a waste of time? Before the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which abolished the doctrine, there had existed for hundreds of years  [8]  protection for children aged between 10 and 14 years. This protection was the rebuttable presumption that children were doli incapax. Under this legal doctrine, as expounded in the case of C v DPP  [9]  in addition to committing the actus reus and mens rea of a criminal offence the prosecution also had to prove beyond reasonable doubt that they knew what they were doing was seriously wrong. This doctrine was working as a filter which recognised childhood to stop 10 being the absolute age of criminal responsibility. Children aged between 10 and 14 years benefited from the presumption as it protected them from the detrimental effects of the enforcement of criminal law.  [10]  But despite this, it could be suggested that the doctrine did not work as it was professed to as it still did not stop children being prosecuted; as the prosecution only had to prove that children knew the difference between the extreme opposites of right and gravely wrong, and not mere naughtiness and wrong. For example, Bandalli suggests that children have a very flexible approach to ownership, if one were to look at the contents of the Theft Act 1968, s.1(1) describes the crime as dishonesty with intent to permanently deprive a concept which children might only be aware of as merely borrowing. So in practice it did not work sufficiently, but it cannot be ignored that it had very strong symboli sm, which was arguably the most important aspect. The symbolism of the doctrine An excellent point made by Pickford questions why the opponents of abolition continue to have faith in a doctrine which has proved to be so inadequate in protecting children anyway.  [11]  But this is perhaps because at least some acknowledgement was given to the notion of childhood with doli incapax, differentiating their treatment from that of adults. It made the police, the CPS and the judiciary stop and think about the degree of responsibility for each individual child,  [12]  and doing that, however briefly, kept the childhood status in tact. The symbolism of the abolition In spite of these arguments, Jack Straw said on 3 June 1998; with great respect, we are abolishing the concept of doli incapax and thus England and Wales saw the erosion of the policy of protection. However, this was combated with the justification that removal of protection was removal of excuse culture.  [13]  Nevertheless, supporters of the doctrine still implore the judiciary to recognise at least some protection. The recent case of R v T  [14]  in 2008 it was proposed that only the presumption had been abolished  [15]  and that the defence remained in tact. But this proposition was quickly flattened and children aged 10-14 would be treated in the same way as other juveniles in deciding whether to prosecute. The abolition of doli incapax was discoursed in conjunction with increasing the age of criminal responsibility, but now there has been an absolute abolition, the government has carried out one without the other, and has left a vacuum where protection should be. Th erefore, what doli incapax stood for; its symbolism of protection was quashed and children are treated like adults once again. The possible justifications for this are set out in Part Two. PART TWO CRIMINALISATION AND THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD There is little doubt that punitive imperatives have shaped contemporary policy responses to child offenders in England and Wales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goldson (2002) The government is ignoring the widespread discourse and European recommendations about the rights of children. With their apparent stubbornness, not to mention the abolition of the centuries old presumption of doli incapax, the question is why are we wedded to the extreme desire to pull children into the criminal justice system and criminalise, rather than taking the civil route which is based on the foundations of protection and welfare? Their policy has brought a large group of children under the auspices of the criminal justice system where previously they may have been successfully diverted. This current punitive climate can be justified to an extent because people have an innate interest in punishment. Namely, they will view children as adults seeing them as autonomous beings who bear responsibility for what they do, despite their age. In the NACRO youth crime briefing as recent as December 2008, the Committee expresses concern about the findings of a survey commissioned by Barnados  [16]  which show the negative public perception of children: 49% of people believe that children are increasingly a danger to each other and adults, 54% agreed that children are beginning to behave like animals, 35% of people feel like the streets are infested with children. In addition to this, after the 1994 government submission to the UNCRC, Barnados and the NSPCC highlighted their outrage of what the government purported to be happening in England and Wales, that it did not reflect what was happening in reality, and thus decided to write their own submissions such as these, showing that the UK Government has much to answer for. The public have a diverse perception of children in contrast with psychologists  [17]  and they want to prosecute them. To prosecute and put a child through the criminal system costs between  £75,000 (for a youth to be in a young offenders institute) and  £150,000 (for secure accommodation).  [18]  Although it might be a generally useful deterrent to use the threat of prosecution, recently it can be seen how arbitrarily it is used (which is in breach of Art 37(b) United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child). For example, an article in The Mail Online  [19]  states that in Newark, Nottinghamshire, letters of warning have been sent out that children face prosecution and fines of up to  £100 if they annoy neighbours with ball games. . But if the child was to be prosecuted for kicking a ball around in the street, what would this really achieve? The answer is nothing. Prosecution and custody in this respect would be equivalent to an employer paying a new employee to go through a process which they know does not work,  [20]  which is obviously a waste of time for everyone involved. The government maintains that it is providing proportionate penalties for child offending and in its report to the CRC states they are keen to ensure that children are not prosecuted whenever an alternative can be found but the NACRO youth crime briefing successfully contests this articulating even those who are diverted [away from the courts] by being dealt with reprimand of final warning, are in effect [still] criminalised. It is also exceptionally questionable whether children should be tried in the Crown Courts, as the NACRO briefing  [21]  suggests that the Crown Court is primarily an arena for dealing with adult offenders through jury trial, and children who commit grave crimes are, in large degree, processed as if they were adults.  [22]   And so, in the shadow of sympathetic European progressiveness, New Labour, with its No More Excuses draconian approach has conceded to the whims of the public and are practically stealing away what it is to be a child, including what they deserve and have a right to protection, which a higher age of criminal responsibility would ensure. In Europe: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) According to United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child regarding the age of criminal responsibility, countries should consider whether a child can live up to the moral and psychological components of criminal responsibility and notes that if the age of criminal responsibility is set too low the notion of responsibility would become meaningless. The Committee has recommended State Parties not to set a minimum age of criminal responsibility at a too low level and to increase an existing minimum age to an internationally acceptable level concluding that the minimum age below the age of 12 is considered unacceptable. According to UK Childrens Commissioners Report to the UNCRC, although the UK has ratified the UNCRC, the Convention is not part of domestic law and remains unenforceable. Recent legislative and policy developments are in clear breach of the UNCRC, for example, the naming and shaming of children subject to anti-social behaviour orders  [23]  . Even if these did not breach the Convention rights, it would be unsuccessful anyway, as some children, especially the higher end of the spectrum would actually be proud of having an ASBO, or as Deborah Orr suggests  [24]  , they would be badges of pride and perverse achievements. Thompson and Venables case study How it came about that two mentally normal boys aged 10 of average intelligence committed this terrible crime is very hard to comprehend . . . Morland, J The cases of R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte V. and R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte T, concerned Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, both 10 ½ year old boys, being convicted of the murder of a two year old boy. They were only just over the age of criminal responsibility. They were sentenced to detention during Her Majestys Pleasure and the trial Judge; Morland J set the minimum term to be served at eight years to reflect their extreme youth. The NACRO youth crime briefing  [25]  Grave crimes, mode of trial, and long term detention, reports that the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR hereafter) determined that the defendants were denied a fair trial since they were unable to participate effectively in the proceedings given the nature of the court room and the intense public scrutiny saying the formality and ritual of the Crown Court must have seemed incomprehensible and intimidating for a child of eleven. This breaches Art 3 of the Convention, to have the best interests of the child as the primary consideration. The Youth Crime Briefing  [26]  reports that even after the Lord Chief Justice issued a Practice Direction (in February 2000), which gave guidance for the conduct of such proceedings and calls upon Crown Courts to have regard to the welfare of the child and to avoid exposing him or her, so far as possible, to intimidation, humiliation or distress (my emphasis added),further cases go on to breach Convention rights. This was detailed in the case of SC v UK  [27]  where an eleven year old boy who did not have the intellectual, moral or cognitive capacity for his age group, had his right to a fair trial breached even though the procedure adopted would have complied with the Practice Direction. The ECHR stated that: [He] has little comprehension of the role of the jury . Even more strikingly, he does not seem to have grasped the fact that he risked a custodial sentence, and even once sentence had been passed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he appeared confused and expected to be able to go home with his foster father. The Court then went on to make recommendations as to how a child with the handicap of childhood should be processed that they should be tried in a specialist tribunal noting afterwards that there are at present no proposals to develop one. The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice The Beijing Rules. The Beijing Rules adopted by the General Assembly in 1985, specifies in section 4.1 that the lower age of criminal responsibility shall not be fixed at too low an age level, bearing in mind the facts of emotional, mental and intellectual maturity. The commentary states that a specific approach should be taken, which is whether a child can live up to the moral and psychological components of criminal responsibility and making explicit reference to the individual discernment and understanding. This relates profusely to the theories that Piaget and Kohlberg propose where they have said that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan, and I would suggest that to fix the age at ten is to put a limit on an uncertain event, that is to say, they are severely generalising the mental capacity of children, leading to injustices in the due process that children are entitled to have. Even if it can be argued that increasing the age would lead to net-widening of children (who may have developed moral capacity earlier) being excused for crimes, that does not displace the argument that the majority of crimes committed by children are minor, and could be prevented with concern for the individual offender and n ot the offence. . In fact, the Beijing Rules state in part 11.1, consideration shall be givenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to dealing with juvenile offenders without resorting to formal trial emphasizing that, this practice [will] serve to hinder the negative effects of subsequent proceedings, such as the stigma of conviction and sentence. The Rules also make clear the relationship that the age of criminal responsibility must have with its other limitation counterparts; the legal age of consent, the legal age of drinking, marital status, civil majority for example. There is also the notion of the need of a higher mental intelligence, emotional and moral capacity to be responsible in respect to all of these, and this just does not sit well with having the age of criminal responsibility at ten.  [28]   Risk and Predictive Factors In addition to disregarding the Beijing Rules, the government have actually contributed to the reason that children are committing crimes, evidenced by certain predictive factors that have led to increased youth crime in certain contexts. The Youth Offending Board  [29]  maintains that anti-social behaviour and crime is not immediately down to the childs choice, but rather the context in which they are placed. From their web page headed, Targeted Prevention of Youth Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour they raise the policy issue of funding for a start, and reinforce that, one of the best and most cost-effective ways to reduce youth crime is to prevent young people from getting into trouble in the first place, by dealing with the problems that make it more likely they will commit crime or anti-social behaviour. They then proceed to list possible predictive factors such as lack of or poor education, poor family relationships (bad parenting), and the child living in public housing locat ed in high risk, inner city areas. To start with, the report from the UK Childrens Commissioners to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child evidenced that child poverty is high with around 3.1 million people living in poverty (29% of children) in England and more than 1 million children living in poor housing, which is a possible reason why children commit crime. Here it is not individual choice, but the governments own policy that is creating the increased likelihood of child offenders. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation suggests that current measures mean child poverty will rise from 18% to 33% over the next 20 years. They say the poverty gap is created by state benefits which are linked to inflation, rather than earnings, and that is of government concern. And so, if the Government is likely to miss its target to halve the number of children living in poverty by 2010, then they are in theory adding to the offending rates instead of reducing them, defeating their whole objective of being tough on crime. Other factors arise from poor parenting and bad education. In a speech to the Association of Teachers and Lecturers in 2002, the former education secretary Estelle Morris argued that bad parenting has created a cycle of disrespect among children, and again does not show it to be the individuals own choice. Poor education leads to truancy, alcohol misuse and other antisocial activities that adults would not be punished for. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation found that almost half the young people aged 11 to 17 reported committing at least one criminal act in a survey of 14,000 school students.  [30]  It is fair to argue that this shows crimes are being committed by children to whom doli incapax formerly applied, but this paper is not insisting that children between 10 and 14 do not commit crimes, it is reiterating that the punitive measures for this age group are a step backwards in an otherwise progressive world, and alternative measures are needed. The government have excused thems elves of any blame, when it is obvious from the above factors that they have an inherent part to play. Children are no longer treated as special cases when it comes to the types of penalties available to the courts when they ought to be. The status of childhood still remains and needs to be protected. But condemning children to the penalties that adults have, they are subverting the whole concept of childhood and are returning to the stage in history where children were no less than little adults  [31]  a definition which philanthropists such as Mary Carpenter in the very early stages of the youth justice system were trying to eradicate. PART THREE ALTERNATIVES Justice/Welfare Burgeoning youth incarceration and high reconviction rates in England and Wales have prompted a search for alternative responses. Pitts and Kuula  [32]   The overall aims of the criminal justice system are to avoid future re-offending and to exact retribution on behalf of the victim and society  [33]  as defined in s.37 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The UK government for England and Wales have two main options they could take towards a child who has committed a crime; a diversionary approach operating at a cautionary level or to prosecute amounting to either a judicial process of punishment on the basis of harm done or a punishment approach regarding the welfare of the child. The inability to comply with the UNCRC recommendations is exposed where they take the punitive route almost every time. The response to juveniles oscillates between the justice or welfare approach, that is to say whether you look to the offence of the offender. The welfare approach is founded on determinist reasons outside of the childs control, so he or she bears no responsibility. However the justice approach appears to predominate in England and Wales, which will inevitably mean that the age of criminal responsibility will remain too low, as it does not allow a child to be anything but responsible. Civil Law approach The civil family law is an example of the welfare approach. There is an odd dichotomy because, in contrast with the criminal law which employs a fixed cut-off point, family law takes an individualised and functional approach, joined with a completely different perception of childhood, which is in line with the UNCRC. The perception seems nearer to that outlined by Piaget and Kohlberg which understands the vulnerable and dependent nature of a child, and again works on the basis that the childs welfare is paramount. Helen Keating also suggests that the child may also be seen as incompetent in legal terms, and that developmental discourse has found expression in law and has made its way into the system through the test formulated from Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and Another  [34]  . . The level of competence required is sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him to understand fully what is proposed and sufficient discretion to enable him to make a wise choice in his or her own interests.  [35]  Despite the problems that the test can amount to, such as delay in ascertaining the competence, its influence has become enshrined in statute. The Children Act 1989 even begins with a checklist for the welfare principle stating that the court should have regard to the the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child considered in the light of his or her age and understanding.  [36]  Ã‚   . There is no such parallel in criminal law, which begs the question of why two systems running side by side are contradictory. It cannot be that the children in family law cases are more vulnerable than those in criminal law, so it must be due to the approach. The UK Government should take a step back and try to ignore the distorted perceptions of children that the public emanate, and look more closely at the individual child perhaps even looking at them as if they were their own young. Comparative Systems With the New Labour policy so behind most other countries it is unsurprising that one can find models of welfare based systems which, despite their own shortcomings (such as paternalistic decision-making) still puts us to shame. Lesley McAra introduces a substantive summary of the developments in Scottish Youth Justice  [37]  noting it exhibited a high degree of stability in its welfare based institutional framework and policy ethos, up until it started acting like England. By filtering in punitive measures such as anti-social behaviour legislation when the Children (Scotland) Act was passed in 1995, Scotland has conceded to the publics moral panics about persistent offenders and is transforming. The fact that their age of criminal responsibility is going to raise to 12 (from 8) when the Scottish Governments Criminal Justice and Licensing Bill passes in 2009, may just have saved them from themselves. This was the philosophy of the Kilbrandon Committees  [38]  childrens hearing system. Here a child, passing several grounds for referral (which are astonishingly similar to the grounds that the civil (family) law invokes for a Care Order  [39]  .. is or is likely to suffer serious harm and/or with admission of guilt) are referred to a tribunal consisting of lay-people, who operated from a needs not deeds viewpoint was in direct contrast with Englands Ingleby Committee. It will bring Scotland into line with most of Europe, but the Scottish Government said the rise would not mean letting off younger offenders, as Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill said amongst recent discourse, Evidence shows that prosecution at an early age increases the chance of reoffending so this change is about preventing crime. Rather they will be held to account in a way that is appropriate for their stage of development and ensures that we balance their needs with the need to protect our communities. Similarly in Finland a different approach is taken. The age of criminal responsibility is 15, and their answer is to look at the child on the whole; their environment whilst dividing children into their age groups based on cognitive functions, needs, and understanding. Moving from a punitive to welfare syste

Justice is a theme of all great literature Essay

Justice comes from actions and decisions being balanced, in that when someone does a good thing, they are rewarded, and when they do something bad, they are punished. It is the gods’ primary role to hand out justice and make sure everybody is treated fairly. This theme appears immediately in the Odyssey, as Zeus is considering the story of Aegisthus, who courted Agamemnon’s wife and then killed Agamemnon. Aegisthus was killed for this treacherous act. This story of justice shows us instantly that the Odyssey will be strongly structured around it. â€Å"May all who act as he did share his fate! † says Athene. This shows how openly the gods in the Odyssey despised the works of those who went against the will of the gods. Both Nestor and Menelaus repeat this story of Aegisthus, and as god fearing men, they know how important it is to stay on their right side because they know what happens as a result of an imbalance in terms of justice. The Aeneid opens however and we’re told that the poem is based on the founding of Rome and the main string of ‘justice’ seems to be coming from one scorned goddess, who simply doesn’t want her favourite city to be destroyed. The balance she tries to restore is simply an act of revenge rather than actual justice, and rather than convincing the other gods it’s the right thing to do, she simply bribes Aeolus. Justice is however looked upon a little while later as Venus goes to Jupiter and asks why the Trojans are being made to suffer after doing nothing wrong. Jupiter tells her not to fear as justice will be done and Rome will be founded. Such behaviour seems to recur constantly throughout the Aeneid. For example, in book 8 we learn of the betrayal that a Tuscan tribe suffered at the hands of Mezentius, and in book 9 he continues his evil ways killing Trojans. The Gods have decided to stay out of the battle and so the following events have nothing to do with the justice that is familiar in epic poems. Both Mezentius and his son Lausus are killed, by Aeneid. I see these deaths as acts of revenge rather than justice, although Lausus’ death is more deserving. The death of his son is Mezentius’ true punishment. I see these deaths as acts of revenge because Mezentius tried to kill Aeneid, as well as all the other innocent people and the treachery he brought upon the aforementioned Tuscan tribe, and so Aeneas kills them. The fact that the innocent Lausus dies shows that the ‘justice’ portrayed in the Aeneid is much more malicious, and it doesn’t just affect the culprit. There’s also the case of the unfortunate people in the underworld that must wait 100 years to cross the river, through no fault of their own. Justice really does seem obscure in the Aeneid. Another instance of this is when the people of Carthage feel Dido’s death was just, simply because she fell in love with the wrong man, and through no fault of her own. I believe Turnus’ death to be the best example of the incomprehensible justice served in the Aeneid. His justice only prevails once they see fit, once it fits in with their plans. In the end, it becomes obvious that while justice is a powerful motivator and regulator in the lives of mortals, it is the will of the immortals that truly controls their lives, and their disfigured system of justice On the other hand, there are moments when actual justice is served. Examples include the groups beyond the river in the underworld and the story of Hercules and the giant for example. He goes to extreme lengths to kill the giant for all the robbery and murder he’s committed, and it’s just that Hercules puts a stop to it, even though it’s brought about by someone who isn’t quite immortal, and so possibly not what the gods perceive as justice. Although we’ve already established that the gods’ perspective is fairly warped in the Aeneid. The other case of actual justice involves king Minos, who spends eternity hearing the cases of people, unjustly executed, and finally getting the plea their cases. They are finally being treated fairly, even if it is beyond life. In the Odyssey however, deaths and misfortunes seem to come about through the idea of justice, and nothing else- no malicious or unfair punishments seem to prevail i. e. there seems to be a point behind them, rather than them just being malicious acts of immortals. For example, Zeus becomes angered at Odysseus because his men eat the sun god’s cattle, despite being warned not to; however he doesn’t let Odysseus die, because the sun god only asks that the crew be punished, because after all, Odysseus did warn them. However he does unavoidably get caught in the cross fire and this is how he winds up on Calypso’s island in the first place. Another example is Poseidon. He makes Odysseus’ aqua adventures a nightmare because he impairs Poseidon’s son Polyphemus’ vision, which goes against the rules of Xenia really. It is of course, Odysseus’ own fault because he becomes arrogant about what he did to Polyphemus, by telling him his name, after he’s left. Therefore it’s just and fair to punish him. Even though he’s such a great hero, he does a wrong act and is punished as any other man would be. Then of course, there is the case of the suitors; the epic conclusion to the Odyssey. Odysseus finally returns to find all the suitors and some of the maids running riot in his home, having raunchy sex, eating all the food, and drinking away his wealth. Odysseus is of course a bit bothered by this, so he decides, and Athene, who borrows Mentor’s image again, agrees that he, Telemachus and a couple of close friends will pick up their weapons and launch them through any part of the suitors they see fit. The fact that Athene helps proves that the act is just. Rarely do gods help out in a way that we can perceive as just in the Aeneid, because most of the time, the punishments are just vicious or over-exaggerated. So anyway, Telemachus sees to it that the ill-mannered maids are hung until they stop twitching, and Odysseus destroys all the suitors so that he and Penelope can live happily ever after, as they justly deserve. By the end of homer’s poem, everyone has been served the justice they’ve earned, both good and bad. I think it’s fair to say that justice is very important in both plays, but as a modern day reader, it’s easier to understand the justice in the Odyssey because at times, the events in the Aeneid seem so obscure.

New Step by Step Roadmap for 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples

New Step by Step Roadmap for 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples The 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples Trap If you're attempting to refute the argument, you're discover the weakest spots there. The very first thing which you should do is read the question, then write your gut reaction. A house without brick and mortar won't fall, but nevertheless, it won't be a really fine home to inhabit. Do not attempt to analyze all strategies in every passage In order to earn your work less hectic, it's advised that you choose about a few outstanding rhetorical strategies in the passage to utilize in your argument. There are an unbelievable number of gray areas within the content that you should learn how to approach from every angle. The ideal way to organize the body of the essay needs to be chronological format. As soon as you learn your very first new topic or cover a crucial idea, review it that night. Anyway, it's also wise to outline the purpose of the author in making the sp eech or essay. You are able to employ the Best Essay Writing Service and receive an original custom made essay written by a seasoned writer. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of essential factors which you can learn that could help you compose a much better argumentative essay. In addition, there are sample essays you are able to utilize to assist in improving your writing. Each ought to be guided by means of a topic sentence that's a relevant portion of the introductory thesis statement. Ensure that your very first paragraph is neat. The body paragraphs are the center of the essay. Each paragraph of the essay should clearly outline the region of the text which is being analyzed. 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples - What Is It? In any case, disagreement with the argument of the author doesn't mean you have to discredit their work. The essays test your writing ability in a number of modes and for a range of purposes. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. This kind of essay requires a good framework and superb support. Facts, Fiction and 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. It's a course in English that's applied in studying rhetoric elements. Whenever you do take practice tests, it can be of assi stance to find another person to assist grade your free-response essays depending on the rubric. Over the span of the school year, you're going to be exposed to new vocabulary that you are able to use in the exam, along with new manners of writing, sentence structures, methods of research and critical thinking strategies that can help you get ready for the exam. When you have access to multiple practice tests, you may even take complete tests at distinct times in the studying procedure to observe how you've improved and what you still should work on. At the close of the calendar year, it's your choice to be sure you understand everything to produce a 5 on the AP exam. Your exam is broken into portions. It is a larger question than students are accustomed to encountering on an AP test. If you anticipate procrastinating and not doing what is asked by your AP teachers, be ready for a rude awakening at the start of the school year in the shape of a lousy project grade. Not just that but students will be in a position to access their online courses and be in a position to follow along with the lecture through powerpoints. If at all possible, begin at the start of the semester. 2015 Argument Essay Ap Lang Samples - Is it a Scam? Build an obvious argument In order to acquire the ideal score that you want, do not just throw in words to fill in the webpage. It is not simple to turn into successful and hardly anyone is genuinely successful but it's a noble aim to strive for. Needless to say, it's also advisable to bear in mind a conclusion isn't absolutely necessary so as to be given a high score. It's highly recommended that you first organize your points in a draft so as to plan w ell the way the argument and points ought to be framed.

Fashion brand ASOS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 696 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Study Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION ASOS. com is the UK’s leading online fashion retailer established in 2000. It targeted 16-32 years old fashion conscious customers. It offers own-label, branded and designer fashion goods. Its up-to-date fashions are available to buy through the internet. ASOS. com uses the product life cycle to make sure products always meet customer needs. asos. c Q3: what is meant by horizontal integration and vertical integration? HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION * The acquisition of additional business activities at the same level of the value chain. This occurs when a company takes over, or merges with a direct competitor. * This can be achieved by internal expansion or external expansion. ADVANTAGES * Economies of scale- achieved by selling more of the same product, for example, by geographic expansion. * Economies of scope- achieved by sharing common to different products. * Increased market power. * Reduction in the costs of international trade by operating factories in for eign markets. * Reduction in competition. * Fulfilling customer expectations’ EXAMPLES * A media company’s ownership of Radio, Television, Newspapers, Magazines, Books. Pharmaceutical companies frequently combine forces to share research and development expenses to bring new products to market. According to research by Henderson and Cockburn in 1996, firms involved in drug discovery realize economies of scope by sustaining diverse portfolios of research projects that capture both internal and external knowledge spillovers * The formation of Brook Bond Lipton India ltd. Through the merger of Lipton India and Brook Bond. * The merger of Bank of Mathura with ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) Bank. VERTICAL INTEGRATION it acquires a business at a different stage in the chain of production. * It may acquire businesses that were previously its suppliers or its customers. * Backward vertical integration means, merger with the input supplier. * Forw ard vertical integration means, merger with the output distribution chain. ADVANTAGES * A secure source of raw material or distribution channel * Protection and control over assets and services required to produce and deliver valuable products and services. * Access to n ew business opportunities and new forms of technologies DISADVATAGES Higher monetory and organizational costs EXAMPLES * Shell and BP in oil industry often adopt a vertically integrated structure. This means they use the supply chain from crude oil exploration to the refined product sale at their own gas stations. Q1:In what ways a company benefits from growth? Key points Product Lifecycle The product life cycle shows the stages a product goes through over time with regard to its sales. In the fashion industry, product life cycles can be short because trends and tastes change quickly. An ASOS. com own-brand dress may follow this cycle: Introduction. The dress is put on the website and advertised. For instance, links to new products are put on the home page. * Rapid growth. The product tends to promote itself as people see the item in magazines and newspapers. ASOS. com must ensure it has enough stock to meet demand. * Maturity. ASOS. com reminds people of the product through features on its website or in its magazine. * Saturation. ASOS. com may cut prices to clear stock and allow new products to take over. * Decline. People become tired of the item. Trends move on. Product lifecycle can helps ASOS. com to: * predict revenue and work out the profitability of products * plan when products are to be added to the website or withdrawn * support products through the whole life cycle. It can plan pricing strategies to earn the most revenue at every stage. Extention strategies * ASOS com can seeks to beet rivals and increase its market share. * By using Boston Matrix ASOS. com can assess the value of the individual products and manage them. * ASOS. om should manage the Dogs by getting rid of them or cutting costs. * It must convert Question Marks and Stars into Cash Cows. * It can do this through promotion. Promotions * Promotion helps ASOS. com to inform potential customers of its products with the view to making a sale. * It can use a Customer Relationship Management system to help work out the buying patterns of its customers. * By working out what customers buy and when, it can target promotions at key sectors of the market. * ASOS. com can measures how well promotion works through Key Performance Indicators. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fashion brand ASOS" essay for you Create order